Hyperventilation (Definition)

Hyperventilation (Definition):

• Alveolar ventilation which is inappropriately high in relation to metabolic rate.
• The ventilation is sufficient to produce arterial hypocapnia - i.e. PaCO2 less than 4.7 kPa.

Tags: Alveolar Ventilation - Hyperventilation - Hypocapnia - Metabolic Rate
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Spontaneous Pneumothorax Causes

Aetiology:

• Idiopathic - majority of causes
• Air Space Disorder - Bullae, Cysts, Emphysema
• Airways Obstruction - Asthma, Chronic airflow obstruction
• Connective Tissue Disorder - Ehler's-Danlos syndromes, Marfan's syndrome
• Generalised Lung Disease - Eosinophilic granuloma, Pneumoconiosis, Pulmonary fibrosis
• Localised Lung Disease - Hydatid disease, Lung abscess, TB, Tumour
• Mediastinal Emphysema - Decompression of divers

Prognosis:

• Recurs in 20% when no underlying lung disease identified.
• Recurrence rate of more than 50% in patients with chronic lung disease.

Image: Left Tension Pneumothorax

Image Credit: by Clinical Cases on Wikipedia (cc)

Tags: Asthma - Bullae - Ehler's-Danlos syndrome - Hydatid Disease - Marfan's syndrome - Pneumoconiosis - Pneumothorax - Pulmonary Fibrosis - TB - Tumour
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Recurrent Pulmonary Infiltrates - Same Area Of Lung

Aetiology:

Bronchiectasis - Congenital or acquired

Bronchogenic cyst - recurrent infections

Broncho-oesophageal fistula - ie neoplastic

Bronchopulmonary sequestration - recurrent infections

Local bronchial narrowing:

* Intraluminal - broncholith, foreign body

* Endobronchial - neoplasm

* Peribronchial - lymph nodes, mediastinal mass

Tags: Bronchiectasis - Bronchogenic Cyst - Broncho-oesophageal Fistula - Bronchopulmonary Sequestration - Infection - Mediastrinal Mass - Neoplasm - Pulmonary Infiltrate
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Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis (LIP)

LIP General Facts:

• Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis (LIP) is a lymphoproliferative lung disorder.
• Pathologically there is diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells & immunoblasts along lymphatics & in alveolar septae.
• Diagnosis - open lung biopsy, with above histological features & infection excluded.

LIP Clinical Features:

• Uncommon.
• No obvious cause apparent.
• Presents with cough, dyspnoea & fever.
• Tends to occur earlier rather than later in the course of HIV infection.

LIP Radiological Examination:

Chest Xray:

• May be normal.
• Typically reveals reticular or nodular infiltrates.
• Infiltrates predominantly basilar in location.

CT Chest:

• Peribronchovascular nodules (2-4 mm in diameter).
• Ground glass opacities may be present.

LIP Prognosis:

• Varies from benign course (with spontaneous resolution or stabilisation) to respiratory failure.

Tags: HIV infection - LIP - Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis - Open Lung Biopsy

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Eggshell Calcification Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy

Eggshell Calcification Definition:

• Mediastinal lymphadenopathy where the periphery of the nodes are calcified - eggshell calcification.
• Sometimes the central portions may also show calcification.
• The ringlike shadow must be complete in at least one of the lymph nodes to fulfil the radiological criteria.

Important Causes:

• Coal worker's pneumoconiosis
• Lymphoma
• Sarcoidosis
• Silicosis

Other rare causes:

• Amyloidosis
• Blastomycosis
• Histoplasmosis
• Scleroderma
• Tuberculosis

Tags: Amyloidosis - Blastomycosis - Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis - Eggshell Calcification - Histoplasmosis - Lymphoma - Sarcoidosis - Scleroderma - Silicosis - Tuberculosis
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Pneumonia With Hilar Lymphadenopathy - Causes

General causes:

• Any post-obstructive pneumonia

Viral causes:

• Ebstein-Barr virus
• Rubella
• Varicella

Chlamydial causes:

• Chlamydia psittaci

Rickettsial causes:

• Q-fever

Bacterial causes:

• Anthrax
• Bubonic plague
• Tuberculosis, primary
• Tularaemia
• Whooping cough

Fungal causes:

• Coccidioidomycosis
• Histoplasmosis
• Sporotrichosis

Parasitic causes:

• Toxoplasmosis
• Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

Tags: Anthrax - Bubonic Plague - Coccidioidomycosis - EBV - Chlamydia psittaci - Histoplasmosis - Q-fever - Rubella - Sporotrichosis - Toxoplasmosis - Tuberculosis - Tularaemia - Varicella - Whooping Cough
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Bronchiolitis Classification

Bronchiolitis Classification Listed (A to Z):

• Acute bronchiolitis - esp respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• BOOP - primary or secondary
• Chronic bronchiolitis
• Cigarette-induced respiratory bronchiolitis
• Constrictive bronchiolitis (bronchiolitis obliterans) - primary or secondary
• Diffuse panbronchiolitis
• Extrabronchiolar disease (assoc bronchiolocentric infiltrates
• Follicular bronchiolitis

Image: Acute Bronchiolitis (Histopathology)

Image Source: by Pulmonary Pathology on flickr (cc)

Tags: Acute Bronchiolitis - BOOP - Bronchiolitis - Bronchiolitis Obliterans - Cigarette - Histopathology - Respiratory Syncytial Virus - RSV
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